INTRODUCTION:

Water is an inorganic transparent, tasteless, odourless, and colourless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth’s hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms. Water covers approximately 70.9% of the Earth’s surface, mostly in seas and oceans. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of substances both mineral and organic; as such it is widely used in industrial processes, cooking and washing and approximately 70% of the freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture. Water is considered to be the most important factor behind the existence of life on earth.

The assessment of water quality, usually carried out by determining its physicochemical and biological properties or parameters against a set of standards. Fluoride is one of the critical chemical parameter, which influences the quality of ground water. Excess intake of fluoride through drinking water causes fluorosis on human beings in many states of India, including Rajasthan¹⁴. It is used to determine whether the water is suitable for consumption or safe for the environment. Water quality assessment can be defined “as the evaluation of physical, chemical and biological state of the water in relation with the natural state, anthropogenic effects and future uses”. According to WHO estimate about 80% of water pollution is due to domestic waste.^16,17Environmental Impact Assessment describes a method and a procedure by which information about the environmental effects of a project is collected by the developer, both as new data and from other resources¹⁸.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

Various workers have carried out extensive studies on water quality. Megha Shyam et al¹⁰was observed that the principal aquifer for the availability of groundwater in the Udaipur district, Aravalli range is quartzite, phyllite, gneisses, schist, and dolomitic marble, which occur in unconfined to semi-confined zones. Ground water samples were collected from the hand pumps of different sampling sites located within Imphal West²² district of Manipur during monsoon of 2014. They were analyzed for physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, pH, TDS, EC, TA, CO₃^2-, HCO₃^-, total TH, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺ and Cl^-. Milan Hait, Leena Sahu and Kavita Nag¹⁹ was analyzed some physiochemical properties of different sampling spot around NTPC, Seepat Bilaspur (C.G.) India. The Physico-chemical parameters have been collected from Bassi, Virat Nagar, Jamwa-Ramgarh and Amber tehsil in the Jaipur district during the study period (2019-2022) by the Yogita Madan and Surbhi Jain⁷. The ground water quality was analyzed by G.S. Tailor et.al.¹³, for determination of degree of contamination with respect to various physico-chemical parameters for investigations in Malpura Block (Tonk-Rajasthan-India). Excess amounts of fluoride ions in drinking water can cause dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, arthritis, bone damage, osteoporosis, muscular damage, fatigue, joint-related problems, and chronicle issues¹⁴. The main objective to the groundwater resources, around Paradip industrial area located on the Bay of Bengal Coast in Port city of Orissa, India and suggest remedial measures that may also be relevant to other industrial areas on the Indian Sea Coast. These analyses show that the area in general is characterized by hard water and slightly salinity hazard, possibly due to its proximity and hydraulic connection with the sea²⁰. Fifty water samples were collected from June 2006 to May 2007, to know the Water Quality Index for the groundwater of Greater Visakhapatnam city, the samples were analyzed for the physico-chemical parameters like Temperature, pH, Conductivity, Calcium, Magnesium, Alkalinity, Total dissolved solids, Dissolved Oxygen, Hardness, Nitrate and Chloride²¹. The study has been carried out assess the ground water quality and its appropriateness for drinking in most rural habitations of Jhunjhunu district, Rajasthan, and assess the ground water quality parameters.^23-24The groundwater chemistry in Lakavarapu Kota region of Vizianagaram district by analyzing the groundwater samples collected from several sampling locations spread across the study area uniformly.²⁵The physico-chemical properties of the underground and surface water samples collected from different locations of Rajshahi and Dinajpur district of Bangladesh were determined by Nasiruddin et al²⁶. water samples are collected from different locations of Pilkhuwa, District Hapur near to the location of the industry with limestone works, during summer. These are found abundantly in the area, where manufacturing of chalk and limestone works take place.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Study area:

The water Samples from Jaipur District which is capital of Rajasthan state in India. Jaipur is situated at 26.91°N 75.78°E, and the height of Jaipur from sea level 431 meters. In Jaipur, drinking water mainly comes from groundwater and surface water. Selection of the site is owing to a local area water tanks and house tap water. The tank water is basically used for Domestic, Agriculture Purpose and Fisheries Activity. Several Researchers have done Study on Physicochemical and Biological characteristic of Standing and Running Water Resources.

Sample Collection and Methods:

The Water Samples collected from four different sites in Jaipur. Sampling sites for the samples were designated as S1 to S4. Shivdaspura area as S1, Mansarovar area as S2, Tonk Phatak area as S3, Chandpole area as S4. Water samples were collected from April 2021 to December 2021 in Plastic bottles of two litter capacity. The Water samples were immediately brought into Laboratory for the Estimation of various physicochemical parameters, like water temperature and pH were recorded at the time of sample collection by using Thermometer and Pocket Digital pH Meter. The analysis of others physicochemical parameters like Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chloride (Cl^-), Fluoride(F^-), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Hardness (TH), Total Alkalinity (TA), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Total Suspended Solid (TSS) analysis in the month of May and Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Magnesium, Nitrate, Calcium and Sulphate analysis in the month of December. The overall parameters were compared according to the standard water quality parameters^16,17. (Table-1)

Table - 1 Standard Water quality parameters

S. No.	Parameters	WHO (2011-17)	BIS (2009-12)
1.	Colour Vis	-	-
2.	Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (mg/l)	10	20
3.	Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand(BOD) (mg/l)	-	5
4.	Lead as Pb (mg/l)	<0.01	<0.01
5.	Cadmium as cd (mg/l)	<0.003	<0.003
6.	Chloride as Cl⁻ (mg/l)	250-1000	250-1000
7.	Fluoride as F⁻ (mg/l)	1-1.5	1-1.5
8.	Dissolved Oxygen(DO) (mg/l)	5	5
9.	Total Hardness (TH) (mg/l)	100-500	200-600
10.	Total Alkalinity (TA) (mg/l)	300	200
11.	Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) (mg/l)	600-1000	500-1000
12.	Total Suspended Solid (TSS) (mg/l)	500	500
13.	Turbidity (NTU)	1	1
14.	Electrical Conductivity (EC)(µmho/cm)	750	750
15.	Magnesium as Mg²⁺ (mg/l)	30	30
16.	pH	7.0-8.5	6.5-8.5
17.	Nitrate as NO₃⁻ (mg/l)	50	45
18.	Calcium as Ca²⁺ (mg/l)	75-200	75-200
19.	Sulphate as SO₄²^⁻ (mg/l)	250	200

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The samples of ground water were collected from different sites in Jaipur districts are depicted in Tables-2.The results of the groundwater analysis for sampling site S1(fig.1), S2(fig.2), S3(fig.3) and S4 (fig.4) were evaluated for chemical characteristics of groundwater.

1. Colour:

Colour is measured by comparing the water sample with standard colour solutions or coloured glass disks. Pure water is colourless, which is equivalent to 0 colour units. Colour of water obtained for sampling site S1 to S4 ranged are Colourless.

2. Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD):

Chemical oxygen demand is a parameter that measures all organics, the biodegradable and the non-biodegradable substances¹⁵. The COD values are found to 2.4mg/L for S1, 4.4mg/L for S2, 4.4mg/L for S3 and 4.8mg/L for S4.

3. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD):

In BOD, bacteria and other microorganisms use organic substances for food. As they metabolize organic material, they consume oxygen.^1,15 The organics are broken down into simpler compounds, such as CO₂ and H₂O, and the microbes use the energy released for growth and reproduction.¹⁵BOD concentration of water obtained from sampling sites S1 to S4 ranged are Below Detection Limit (BDL).

4. Cadmium and Lead:

The level of Cd and Pb in the samples of water collected from sampling site S1 to S4 was found Below Detection Limit (BDL).

5. Chloride:

Chloride ions (Cl⁻) in drinking water do not cause any harmful effects on public health, but high concentrations can cause an unpleasant salty taste for most people. The Chloride values are found to site 332mg/l for sampling site S1 which is in range as aspect given by the WHO^16,17 and BIS³ (Table -2) and points S2 and S4 varied between 68mg/L and 72mg/L.

6. Fluoride:

The Main Fluoride accumulation in the human body occurs through Fluoride contaminated drinking water, substantial amounts of Fluoride can also be ingested through crops and vegetables irrigated with Fluoride contaminated water¹¹. A moderate amount of fluoride ions (F⁻) in drinking water contributes to good dental health. Excessive amounts of fluoride cause discoloured teeth, a condition known as dental fluorosis¹¹. Fluoride has the inherent capability of replacing the calcium content of teeth and bones making them fragile and ultimately causing osteoporosis, particularly in adult and old-aged persons.^4,8

The level of F⁻ in the samples of water collected from sampling site S1 (Shivdaspura) was found 7.97mg/l, which exceed the standard value prescribed by WHO^{16, 17} and BIS³. The persistence of high levels of fluoride beyond the permissible limit observed in the groundwater sample in the Shivdaspura area makes it inadequate for drinking purposes due to the negative health impact of fluoride contamination in drinking water. Sampling site S2 and S4 varied between 0.57mg/l and 0.828mg/l, as observed in Table -2.

7. Dissolved Oxygen (DO):

Dissolved oxygen is considered to be one of the most important parameters of water quality in streams, rivers, and lakes. It is a key test of water pollution ¹.The higher the concentration of dissolved oxygen, the better the water quality. Dissolved oxygen has no direct effect on public health, but drinking water with very little or no oxygen tastes unpalatable to some people. Dissolved oxygen (DO) values obtained for sampling site S1 and S4 varied between 3.9mg/L and 4.1mg/L, as observed in Table -2.

8. Total Hardness (TH):

The value of hardness (Table-3) obtained for sampling site S1 to S4 are varied between 235 mg/L and 680 mg/L.

9. Total Alkalinity(TA):

The measurement of alkalinity of water is necessary to determine the amount of lime and soda needed for water softening (e.g., for corrosion control in conditioning the boiler feed water.¹⁰The amount of alkalinity concentration of the water sample collected in the study area is 35mg/L for S1, 30mg/L for S2, 35mg/L for S3 and 70mg/L for S4.

10. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS):

The mean concentration of total dissolved solid (TDS) in the Jaipur district is presented in Table -2 and Table 3. The concentration of TDS is recorded as 347.84mg/L for S1, 393.665mg/L for S2, 332.755mg/L for S3 and 345.495mg/L for S4. These values obtained for TDS in all the sampling points were found below the given standard.

11. Total Suspended Solids (TSS):

The total suspended solid (TSS)concentrations were found to be 347.84mg/L for S1, 333.815mg/L for S2, 345.455mg/l for S3 and 382.795mg/L for S4. The BIS and WHO has specified a maximum or minimum limits, refer in Table -2.

12. Turbidity:

Turbidity values are found to be in the mean of 0.82NTU for S1, 0.11NTU for S2, 0.12NTU for S3 and 0.12NTU for S4.

13. Electrical Conductivity (EC):

The conductivity values are found to be 2020µmho/cm for S1, 367 µmho/cm for S2, 384 µmho/cm for S3 and 665 µmho/cm for S4. (Table -2). The EC in the samples of water collected from sampling site S1 was found 2020µmho/cm (Table -3) excess than other sampling site. This range could indicate that the water is not suitable for certain species of fish or bugs. High conductivity is an indicator of Saline condition.

14. Calcium and Magnesium:

The analysis of calcium revealed a ranged between 18 mg/l to 22 mg/L from the sampling site S1 to S4 and the amount of magnesium recorded in the water ranged between 20 mg/l to 42 mg/l from the sampling site S1 to S4 (Table 2).

15. pH:

The pH values in all the collected water samples (S1-S4) is 7. This is permissible limit of pH of drinking water.

16. Sulphate and Nitrate:

The Sulphate values are found to 116mg/L for S1, 22mg/L for S2, 22mg/L for S3 and 29mg/L for S4.

Nitrate can occur naturally in surface and groundwater at a level that does not generally cause health problems. High levels of nitrate in well water often result from improper well construction, well locations, overuse of chemical fertilizers, or improper disposal of human and animal waste. The Nitrate values are found to 11.0mg/L for S1, 1.7mg/L for S2, 2.8mg/L for S3 and 12.8mg/L for S4. which Indicate that water samples under the limit described by WHO^{16, 17} as well BIS³.

Table - 2. Physicochemical parameter of water of sampling sites of Jaipur

S. No.	Parameters	Sampling Sites
S. No.	Parameters	S-1	S-2	S-3	S-4
1.	Colour Vis	CL	CL	CL	CL
2	pH	7	7	7	7
3	Electrical Conductivity (EC) (µmho/cm)	2020	367	384	665
4	Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) (mg/l)	347.84	393.66	332.75	345.49
5	Total Hardness (TH) (mg/l)	235	680	250	390
6	Total Alkalinity (TA) (mg/l)	35	30	35	70
7.	Total Suspended Solid (TSS) (mg/l)	347.85	333.81	345.455	382.79
8.	Turbidity (NTU)	0.82	0.11	0.12	0.12
9.	Calcium as Ca²⁺ (mg/l)	22	18	18	21
10.	Magnesium as Mg²⁺ (mg/l)	23	20	22	42
11.	Chloride as Cl⁻ (mg/l)	332	72	72	68
12.	Fluoride as F⁻ (mg/l)	7.97	0.828	0.608	0.57
13.	Nitrate as NO₃⁻ (mg/l)	11	1.7	2.8	12.8
14.	Sulphate as SO₄²^⁻ (mg/l)	116	22	22	29
15.	Lead as Pb (mg/l)	BDL	BDL	BDL	BDL
16.	Cadmium as cd (mg/l)	BDL	BDL	BDL	BDL
17.	Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (mg/l)	2.4	4.4	4.4	4.8
18.	Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand(BOD) (mg/l)	BDL	BDL	BDL	BDL
19.	Dissolved Oxygen(DO) (mg/l)	4.1	3.9	4	3.9

(BDL=Below Detection Limit, CL=colourless, NTU= Nephlometric Turbidity Unit)

Table: -3 Classification of water on the basis of EC, TDS and TH

Parameters	Range	Classification	Water Sample
Electrical Conductivity (Salinity Hazard) (µmho/cm)	250	Excellent-Low Salinity Water	Nil
	250-750	Good-Medium Salinity Water	S2, S3, S4
	750-2250	Permissible – High Salinity Water	S1
	˃ 2250	Unsiutable – Very High Salinity Water	Nil
TDS(mg/l)	˂ 1000	Satisfactory	All Water Samples
	1000-2000	Fair	Nil
	˃ 2000	Inferior	Nil
TH(mg/l)	0-75	Soft	Nil
	75-150	Moderate Hard	Nil
	150-300	Hard	S1, S3, S4
	>300	Very Hard	S2

Fig.1: Physico-chemical Water Quality Parameters of ground water of Shivdaspura(Jaipur)

Fig.2: Physico-chemical Water Quality Parameters of ground water of Mansarovar(Jaipur)

Fig.3: Physico-chemical Water Quality Parameters of ground water of Tonk Phatak(Jaipur)

Fig.4: Physico-chemical Water Quality Parameters of ground water of Chand pole (Jaipur)

CONCLUSIONS:

The groundwater quality has been analysed to establish its suitability for domestic as well as agricultural purposes. The analytical results reveal that dominant cations are in the order Mg²⁺ > Ca²⁺and anions are in the order Cl⁻ > SO₄²⁻> NO₃⁻>F⁻. Some of the samples have, Fluoride for S1, Electrical Conductivity for S1, Magnesium for S4 values exceeding the permissible limits other side some of samples have, Chloride for S2-S4, Calcium S1-S4, Total Dissolve solid S1-S4 are below the permissible limits as prescribed by BIS and WHO. We noticed parameters such as colour, chemical oxygen demand, Bio-Chemicals Oxygen Demand, Lead, Cadmium, Dissolved Oxygen, Total Hardness, Total Alkalinity, Total Suspended Solid, Turbidity, pH, Nitrate and Sulphate values are within permissible limits. Therefore, this study provides valuable data that will help the government and water management agencies in the formulation of better policies and remedial measures to protect the local human individuals exposed to groundwater in the studied region.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors have no conflicts of interest regarding this investigation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

Authors are thankful to our Chairman and Director for providing the laboratory facility in the Department of Chemistry, Poddar International College, Jaipur. Authors are also very thankful to the Department of Rajasthan state Pollution Control Board (Central Laboratory) 4, Institutional Area, Jhalana Doongari, Jaipur for analysing our parameters of this research paper.

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Received on 03.03.2023 Modified on 12.06.2023

Asian J. Research Chem. 2023; 16(5):363-368.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-4150.2023.00058